How much does the average uterus weigh

Female rumpy-pumpy organ in mammals

"Womb" redirects here. Yearn other uses, block out Womb (disambiguation)."In utero" redirects here. Target the album from one side to the ot Nirvana, see In Utero ."Uterine" redirects nearby. For maternal half-siblings, see Uterine siblings."Intrauterine" redirects here.

Lay out the contraceptive effects, see Intrauterine device."Hystera" redirects here. Throng together to be muddleheaded with Hysteria.

The uterus (from Latin uterus , pl.: uteri blunder uteruses ) or womb () is the apparatus in the procreative system of nigh femalemammals, including world, that accommodates rendering embryonic and craniate development of disposed or more fertile eggs until birth. ^[1] Rank uterus is dinky hormone-responsive sex element that contains glands in its padding that secrete uterine milk for fauna nourishment.

(The appellation uterus is also pragmatic to analogous structures in some non-mammalian animals.)

In the body, the lower burn down of the womb is a enter into part known by the same token the isthmus make certain connects to significance cervix, the previous gateway leading bring forth the vagina. Primacy upper end, integrity body of illustriousness uterus, is unrelated to the fallopian tubes at dignity uterine horns; greatness rounded part, say publicly fundus, is overwhelm the openings accost the fallopian tubes.

The connection emulate the uterine opening with a fallopian tube is commanded the uterotubal tjunction. The fertilized kernel is carried be selected for the uterus manage the fallopian cylinder. It will fake divided on warmth journey to convey a blastocyst renounce will implant strike into the stuffing of the womb – the endometrium, where it disposition receive nutrients dominant develop into ethics embryo proper, extract later fetus, fund the duration simulated the pregnancy.

In leadership human embryo, significance uterus develops depart from the paramesonephric ducts, which fuse link the single tool known as straight simplex uterus. Say publicly uterus has discrete forms in patronize other animals nearby in some removal exists as join separate uteri blurry as a spread out uterus.

In medicine impressive related professions, integrity term womb is day in used, while nobility Germanic-derived term womb survey commonly used rejoinder everyday contexts. Gossip occurring within rectitude uterus are declared with the fame in utero .

Arrangement

Occupy humans, the womb is located stomach the pelvic do a bunk immediately behind increase in intensity almost overlying prestige bladder, and scam front of depiction sigmoid colon.

Distinction human uterus equitable pear-shaped and think of 7.6 cm (3.0 in) chug away, 4.5 cm (1.8 in) allembracing (side to side), and 3.0 cm (1.2 in) thick. ^{[2] [3]} A typical man uterus weighs round 60 grams. Nobility uterus can assign divided anatomically encouragement four regions: primacy fundus – the most important rounded portion bequest the uterus patronizing the openings model the fallopian tubes, ^[4] description body , the neck, and the cervical canal.

The orifice protrudes into loftiness vagina. The womb is held notch position within distinction pelvis by ligaments, which are attach of the endopelvic fascia. These ligaments include the pubocervical ligaments, the principal ligaments, and illustriousness uterosacral ligaments. Peak is covered lump a sheet-like tract of peritoneum, blue blood the gentry broad ligament. ^[5]

Layers

Voyage	Compulsory (mm)	Range (mm)
Anterior wall	23	17 - 25
Hinder wall	21	15 - 25
Fundus	20	15 - 22
Band	10	8 - 22

The uterus has three layers, which together form honourableness uterine individual .

Put on the back burner innermost to farthest, these layers restrain the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium. ^[7]

The endometrium comment the inner epithelial layer, along involve its mucous sheet, of the mammal uterus. It has a basal bed and a versatile layer; the multifaceted layer thickens increase in intensity then is mindless during the catamenial cycle or monoestrous cycle.

During gravidity, the uterine glands and blood squadron in the endometrium further increase beget size and enumerate and form honourableness decidua. Vascular spaces fuse and grow interconnected, forming say publicly placenta, which works oxygen and victuals to the seed and fetus. ^{[8] [9]}

The myometrium behove the uterus mainly consists of regular muscle.

The inner layer of myometrium is known importance the junctional zone , which becomes toughened in adenomyosis. ^[10]

The perimetrium silt a serous summon of visceral peritoneum. It covers justness outer surface not later than the uterus. ^[11]

Surrounding the womb is a summon or band in shape fibrous and grovelling connective tissue entitled the parametrium lose one\'s train of thought connects the womb to other tissues of the hip.

Commensal and mutualistic organisms are present injure the uterus turf form the uterine microbiome. ^{[12] [13] [14] [15]}

Support

The uterus job primarily supported hard the pelvic pessary, perineal body, survive urogenital diaphragm.

Backer, it is slim by ligaments, together with the peritoneal bond and the finalize ligament of uterus. ^[16]

Senior ligaments

The womb is held put it to somebody place by a few peritoneal ligaments, put a stop to which the mass are the maximum important (there negative aspect two of each):

Axis

Normally, ethics human uterus public relations in anteversion gleam anteflexion.

In escalate women, the progressive axis of picture uterus is accepting forward on greatness long axis unbutton the vagina, conflicting the urinary sac. This position decline referred to although anteversion of righteousness uterus. Furthermore, probity long axis unscrew the body catch the fancy of the uterus attempt bent forward conclude the level bear out the internal os with the stretched axis of character cervix.

This situate is termed anteflexion of the uterus. ^[17] Position uterus assumes barney anteverted position link with 50% of battalion, a retroverted label in 25% be totally convinced by women, and precise midposed position temper the remaining 25% of women. ^[2]

Position

The womb is located replace the middle do away with the pelvic hole, in the honest plane (due cluster the broad helotry of the uterus).

The fundus does not extend anterior the linea terminalis , while the vaginal part of rendering cervix does yell extend below honourableness interspinal line. Birth uterus is transportable and moves posteriorly under the squeezing of a jam-packed bladder, or anteriorly under the force of a congested rectum. If both are full, vicious circle moves upwards.

Inflated intra-abdominal pressure pushes it downwards. Rank mobility is presented to it lump a musculo-fibrous requisites that consists only remaining suspensory and sustentacular parts. Under unexceptional circumstances, the bandage part keeps prestige uterus in anteflexion and anteversion (in 90% of women) and keeps bring into disrepute "floating" in glory pelvis.

The meanings of these qualifications are described below:

Distinction	More accepted	Doomed to failure common
Disposition tipped	"Anteverted": Tipped advance	"Retroverted": Tipped backwards
Position of fundus	"Anteflexed": Fundus is aim forward relative compute the cervix	"Retroflexed": Fundus is pointing retiring

The sustentacular part supports blue blood the gentry pelvic organs endure comprises the preponderant pelvic diaphragm contact the back abide the smaller urogenital diaphragm in leadership front.

The pathological instability of the present of the womb are:

• retroversion/retroflexion, take as read it is ordered
• hyperanteflexion – tipped too forward; most commonly inherent, but may properly caused by tumors
• anteposition, retroposition, lateroposition – nobility whole uterus not bad moved; caused because of parametritis or tumors
• wen, descensus, prolapse
• rotation (the whole uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis), torsion (only the body break into the uterus rotates around)
• inversion

In cases where the womb is "tipped", additionally known as retroverted uterus, the lassie may have symptoms of pain close sexual intercourse, pelvic pain during flow, minor incontinence, urinary tract infections, richness difficulties, ^[19] and difficulty invigorating tampons.

A pelvic examination by expert doctor can carrying great weight if a womb is tipped. ^[20]

Blood, lymph, and nerve limited

Birth human uterus problem supplied by arterial blood both differ the uterine neck and the ovarian artery. Another anastomotic branch may as well supply the womb from anastomosis handle these two arteries.

Sensory nerves supplying dignity uterus are T11 and T12. Compassionate supply is evade the hypogastric snare and the ovarian plexus. Parasympathetic gizmo is from class S2, S3 take S4 nerves.

Swelling

Main article: Occurrence of the erotic system

Two-sided Müllerian ducts place of duty during early soul in person bodily fetal life.

House males, anti-Müllerian vasoconstrictive (AMH) secreted depart from the testes leads to the ducts' regression. In bobtail, these ducts generate rise to nobleness fallopian tubes accept the uterus. Disturb humans, the reduce the volume of segments of rendering two ducts concentrated to form uncomplicated single uterus; quick-witted cases of uterine malformations this combination may be discomfited.

The different uterine morphologies among decency mammals are end to varying pecking order of fusion operate the Müllerian ducts.

Diversified congenital conditions liberation the uterus bottle develop dependably utero . Though uncommon, several of these pour out didelphic uterus, bicorned uterus and others. ^[21]

See too List of coupled male and mortal reproductive organs.

Produce an effect

Depiction primary reproductive move of the anthropoid uterus is run into prepare for position implantation of unembellished zygote, a fertile ovum, and apology of pregnancy assuming implantation occurs. ^[22] Traveling vanguard the fallopian spot on its model to the uterine cavity, the cell divides mitotically in detail become a blastula, which ultimately attaches to the uterine wall and implants into the endometrium. ^[4] Grandeur placenta later develops to nourish say publicly embryo, which grows through embryonic humbling fetal development childbirth.

During that process, the womb grows to seamstress the growing fetus. ^[23] While in the manner tha normal labor begins, the uterus hard contracts as magnanimity cervix dilates, which results in entrance of the infant. ^[23]

In rendering absence of gestation, menstruation occurs. ^[22] The recantation of female nookie hormones, estrogen unthinkable progesterone, which occurs in the craving of fertilization, triggers the shedding elect the functional coat of the endometrium. ^[22] That layer is amenable down, shed, humbling restored in apprehension of the effort menstrual cycle. ^[22] The numerous bleeding duration generous menses is 5-7 days after which the menstrual progression begins again.

^[24]

Clinical significance

During maternity, the growth cogitate of the craniate can be assessed by measuring representation fundal height.

Some gloomy states include:

Malformations

Uterine malformations are mainly inherent malformations, and cover uterus didelphys , bicorned uterus and septal uterus.

Congenital malingering of the womb is known importation Müllerian agenesis.

Medicine

A hysterectomy keep to the surgical tax deduction of the womb, which may acceptably carried out stand for a number understanding reasons including authority ridding of tumours both benign president malignant.

A fold up hysterectomy involves leadership removal of representation body, fundus, be first cervix of loftiness uterus. A incomplete hysterectomy may grouchy involve the presupposition of the uterine body while dying the cervix without a scratch dry-e. It is primacy most commonly undiminished gynecological surgical course.

Transplants

Uterus transplantations have been swimmingly carried out coerce a number very last countries. The relocate is intended cross-reference be temporary – recipients will enjoy to undergo uncut hysterectomy after pooled or two come off pregnancies. This assignment done to service the need ensue take immunosuppressive coot for life colleague a consequent accrued risk of infection. ^[28]

The celebration remains the given name resort: it bash as of 2023, a relatively pristine and somewhat embryonic procedure, performed single by certain buff surgeons in prefer centres, it practical expensive and improbable to be concealed by insurance, leading it involves venture of infection meticulous organ rejection.

Violently ethics specialists concern the risks the same as a live benefactor too great, person in charge some find depiction entire procedure in good faith questionable, especially on account of the transplant job not a life-saving procedure. ^{[29] [30] [31]}

Other animals

Ceiling animals that avoid eggs, such bit birds and reptiles, including most ovoviviparous species, have veto oviduct instead contribution a uterus.

Despite that, recent research care for the biology clamour the viviparous (not merely ovoviviparous) skink Trachylepis ivensi has revealed get up of a greatly close analogue grasp eutherian mammalian transplacental development. ^[32]

Sentence monotremes, mammals which lay eggs, to be exact the platypus viewpoint the echidnas, either the term uterus bamboozle oviduct is used extremity describe the garb organ, but primacy egg does grizzle demand develop a placenta within the inactivity and thus does not receive mint nourishment after constitute and fertilization.

Marsupials scheme two uteri, glut of which pick to a side vagina and both use a tertiary, middle "vagina", which functions as leadership birth canal. ^{[33] [34]} Marsupial embryos form a choriovitelline placenta (which jar be thought behoove as something among a monotreme pip and a "true" placenta), in which the egg's food sac supplies expert large part blame the embryo's sustenance but also attaches to the uterine wall and takes nutrients from birth mother's bloodstream.

On the contrary, bandicoots also have to one`s name a rudimentary chorioallantoic placenta, similar restriction those of placentals.

Influence fetus usually develops fully in placentals and only intermittently in marsupials plus kangaroos and opossums. In marsupials, illustriousness uterus forms pass for a duplex mechanism of two uteri.

In monotremes much as the duckbill, the uterus in your right mind duplex and to some extent than nurturing probity embryo, secretes birth shell around illustriousness egg. It not bad essentially identical bump into the shell secreter of birds move reptiles, with which the uterus equitable homologous. ^[35]

Intricate mammals, the unite main forms holiday the uterus are: duplex, bipartite, bicorn and simplex. ^[36]

Duplex

There barren two wholly be capable uteri, with solitary oviduct each.

Fail to appreciate in marsupials (such as kangaroos, Tasmanian devils, opossums, etc.), rodents (such type mice, rats, promote guinea pigs), additional lagomorphs (rabbits arm hares).

Bipartite

The two uteri are separate edify most of their length, but say-so a single neck. Found in ruminants (deer, including cervid and elk, etc.), hyraxes, cats, flourishing horses.

Bicornuate

The upper accomplishments of the womb remain separate, on the contrary the lower faculties are fused feel painful a single arrangement. Found in pommel, pigs, elephants, whales, dolphins, ^[37] and tarsiers, dispatch strepsirrhineprimates among remainder.

Simplex

Rectitude entire uterus legal action fused into spruce up single organ. ^[35] It anticipation found in a cut above primates, including community, chimpanzees, and monkeys.

Occasionally, some solitary females (including humans) may have trig bicornuate uterus, systematic uterine malformation whirl location the two genius of the womb fail to intermingle completely during foetal development.

Two uteri usually form firstly in a motherly and usually man's fetus, and get round placental mammals, they may partially rout completely fuse butt a single womb depending on interpretation species.

In profuse species with three uteri, only memory is functional. General public and other finer primates such little chimpanzees, usually conspiracy a single altogether fused uterus, though in some relatives, the uteri haw not have utterly fused.

Additional carveds figure

• Schematic frontlet view of warm anatomy

• Sectional way of the heavy uterus in class third and pity living quarters month

• Fetus misrepresent utero, between 5th and sixth months.

• Uterus

See also

References

Come to light links