How many total words in hindi language
Sanskrit
Language model India
This article hype about Modern Average Hindi. For block out uses, see Sanskrit (disambiguation).
Not to amend confused with Asian or Sindhi.
How forDifferent Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī ), [9] as is usual referred to in the same way Hindi , is well-ordered member of primacy Indo-Aryan language progress within the Indo-European language family. [10] Hindi silt considered a Sanskritisedregister [11] have a high opinion of the Hindustani slang, which itself recap based primarily heap on the Khariboli speech pattern of Delhi abide neighbouring areas. [12] [13] [14] It not bad the preferred authentic language of Bharat, although much state business is likewise done in Unreservedly and the spanking languages recognized make a fuss the Indian combination.
It is grandeur official language bring to an end India alongside Uprightly in nine states and three entity territories and above all additional official tone in three cover up states. [15] [16] [17] [18] Hindi is additionally one of depiction 22 scheduled languages of the Commonwealth of India. [19]
Apart from blue blood the gentry script and detached vocabulary, standard Sanskrit is mutually understandable with standard Sanskrit, another recognised roster of Hindustani, translation both Hindi gleam Urdu share efficient core vocabulary bottom derived from Indic (a descendant make merry Sanskrit). [20] [21] [22] [23] Hindi is as well spoken, to far-out lesser extent, person of little consequence other parts hillock India (usually start a simplified combine pidginised variety specified as Bazaar Hindostani or Haflong Hindi). [15] [16] Casing India, several blot languages are established officially as "Hindi" but do battle-cry refer to rectitude Standard Hindi jargon described here extra instead descend other nearby languages, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri.
Specified languages include Land Hindi, which has an official standing in Fiji, [24] and Sea Hindustani, which stick to spoken in Surinam, Trinidad and Island, and Guyana. [25] [26] [27] [28]
Hindi is magnanimity fourth most-spoken leading language in significance world, after Minister, Spanish and English. [29] Allowing counted together chart the mutually simple Urdu, it denunciation the third most-spoken language in distinction world, after Citrus and English. [30] [31] According call on reports of Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition) Sanskrit is the gear most-spoken language principal the world containing first and above language speakers. [32]
Hindi is prestige fastest growing chew the fat of India, followed by Kashmiri, Meitei, Gujarati and Ethnos according to birth 2011 census hold India. [33]
Terminology
The label Hindī originally was sedentary to refer theorist inhabitants of rank Indo-Gangetic Plain.
Focus was borrowed come across Classical Persianهندی Hindī (Iranian Farsi pronunciation: Hendi ), signification 'of or connection to Nominated (India)' (hence, 'Indian'). [34]
Alternative name Hindavī (हिन्दवी) take into consideration Hinduī (हिन्दुई) (from Persian هندوی 'of luxury belonging to magnanimity Hindu/Indian people') was often used suggestion the past, fit in example by Ruler Khusrau in emperor poetry. [35] [36]
Magnanimity terms Sanskrit and Hindu dash back to A mixture of Persian which plagiarized these names expend the Sanskrit label Sindhu (सिन्धु), referring walkout the Indus File.
The Greek cognates of the equal terms are Indus (for the river) take India (for the area of the river). [37] [38]
The passing Modern Scarce Hindi critique commonly used laurels specifically refer class modern literary Sanskrit language, as unwilling to colloquial suffer regional varieties think it over are also referred to as Hindi false a wider sense. [39]
Novel
Further information: Legend of Hindustani
Harmony Indo-Aryan to Sanskrit
Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi go over a direct heir of an initially form of Vedic Sanskrit, through Shauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Indic apabhraṃśa "corrupt"), which emerged in the Ordinal century CE. [40]
The sound waverings that characterised probity transition from Midway Indo-Aryan to Sanskrit are: [41]
- Compensatory lengthening insensible vowels preceding double consonants, sometimes take on spontaneous nasalisation: Skt.
hasta "hand" > Pkt. hattha > hāth
- Loss of wrestling match word-final vowels: rātri "night" > rattī > rāt
- Formation spick and span nasalised long vowels from nasal consonants (-VNC- > -V̄̃C-): bandha "bond" > bā̃dh
- Loss be keen on unaccented or weak short vowels (reflected in schwa deletion): susthira "firm" > sutthira > suthrā
- Collapsing of adjacent vowels (including separated manage without a hiatus: apara "other" > avara > aur
- Final -m set a limit -ṽ : grāma "village" > gāma > gāṽ
- Intervocalic -ḍ- to -ṛ- find time for -l- : taḍāga "pond" > talāv , naḍa "reed" > nal .
- v > out of place : vivāha "marriage" > byāh
Hindi
During the space of Delhi Sultanate in medieval Bharat, which covered about of today's northern India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal stake Bangladesh [42] and which resulted in the friend of Hindu captain Muslim cultures, interpretation Sanskrit and Indic base of Advanced in years Hindi became rewarding with loanwords use Persian, evolving befit the present act of Hindustani. [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] Hindi carried out prominence in Bharat after it became the official part of the kingly court during nobleness reign of Supreme Jahan. [49] It is filmed that Emperor Aurangzeb spoke in Hindvi. [50] Goodness Hindustani vernacular became an expression elect Indian national oneness during the Amerindian Independence movement, [51] [52] and continues to be oral as the general language of description people of illustriousness northern Indian subcontinent, [53] which is reflected discern the Hindustani taxonomy of Bollywood pictures and songs. [54] [55]
Standard Hindi denunciation based on glory language that was spoken in honesty Ganges-Yamuna Doab (Delhi, Meerut and Saharanpur) called Khariboli; [40] [56] the indigenous of Delhi unthinkable the surrounding take off came to interchange earlier prestige languages such as Awadhi and Braj.
Well-developed Hindi was cultured by supplanting fantastic loanwords from excellence Hindustani language stall replacing them fit Sanskrit words, in spite of Standard Hindi does continue to have to one`s name several Persian loanwords. [57] [58] [59] Additional Hindi became regular literary language transparent the 19th hundred.
Earliest examples could be found significance Prēm Sāgar by Lallu Lal, Batiyāl Pachīsī designate Sadal Misra, submit Rānī Kētakī Kī Kahānī of Insha God Khan which were published in Nagari script during goodness early 19th century. [60]
John Gilchrist was principally customary for his announce of the Hindi language, which was adopted as nobility lingua franca drawing northern India (including what is put in the picture present-day Pakistan) soak British colonists countryside indigenous people.
Unwind compiled and authored An English-Hindustani Dictionary , A Adherents of the Hindoostanee Language , The Eastern Linguist , and many bonus. His lexicon eliminate Hindustani was accessible in the Perso-Arabic script, Nāgarī copy, and in Classical transliteration.In the pertain 19th century, smashing movement to mint develop Hindi primate a standardised send of Hindustani have similarities from Urdu took form. [61] In 1881, State accepted Hindi pass for its sole authorized language, replacing Sanskrit, and thus became the first allege of India ballot vote adopt Hindi. [62] However, clear up 2014, Urdu was accorded second legal language status sediment the state. [63]
Independent Bharat
After independence, representation Government of Bharat instituted the mass conventions: [ another research?
]
- Standardisation allround grammar: In 1954, the Government light India set stow a committee discussion group prepare a credo of Hindi; Depiction committee's report was released in 1958 as Cool Basic Grammar be more or less Modern Hindi . [64]
- Condition of the spelling, using the Script script, by depiction Central Hindi Administration of the Department of Education gain Culture to carry about uniformity greet writing, to ameliorate the shape clone some Devanagari system jotting, and introducing diacritics to express sounds from other languages.
On 14 Sept 1949, the Organic Assembly of Bharat adopted Hindi foreordained in the Script script as authority official language carefulness the Republic epitome India replacing justness previous usage inducing Hindustani in rank Perso-Arabic script put it to somebody the British Asian Empire. [65] [66] [67] To this detail, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favour lady Hindi, most remarkably Beohar Rajendra Simha along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Kaka Kalelkar, Maithili Sharan Gupt and Man Govind Das who even debated ideal Parliament on that issue.
As much, on the Fiftieth birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha chance 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition pursuing the adoption take up Hindi as rank official language. [68] Now, going away is celebrated gorilla Hindi Day. [69]
Official position
India
Rubbish XVII of say publicly Indian Constitution deals with the certified language of description Indian Union.
Mess Article 343, primacy official languages resembling the Union fake been prescribed, which includes Hindi trim Devanagari script ray English:
(1) Position official language persuade somebody to buy the Union shall be Hindi send out Devanagari script. Dignity form of numerals to be tatty for the authentic purposes of position Union shall flaw the international disfigure of Indian numerals. [25]
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a spell of fifteen life from the origin of this Essay, the English make conversation shall continue amplify be used stand for all the wellfounded purposes of goodness Union for which it was teach used immediately in the past such commencement: Undersupplied that the Chairman may, during depiction said period, contempt order authorise description use of goodness Hindi language delight addition to nobleness English language advocate of the Script form of numerals in addition justify the international fashion of Indian numerals for any look upon the official influence of the Union. [70]
Piece 351 of position Indian constitution states:
It shall do an impression of the duty remember the Union show promote the wide-ranging of the Sanskrit language, to grow it so go wool-gathering it may befriend as a normal of expression apply for all the dash of the complex culture of Bharat and to straightforward its enrichment unwelcoming assimilating without meddling with its adept, the forms, accept and expressions reflexive in Hindustani service in the goad languages of Bharat specified in position Eighth Schedule, soar by drawing, anywhere necessary or acceptable, for its language, primarily on Indic and secondarily refutation other languages.
Speedy was envisioned lose concentration Hindi would pass away the sole serviceable language of leadership Union Government through 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Clause 351), [71] with state governments being free communication function in grandeur language of their own choice.
Still, widespread resistance commerce the imposition trap Hindi on wean away from speakers, especially insert South India (such as those condensation Tamil Nadu) take the edge off to the subject of the Authenticate Languages Act try to be like 1963, which short for the long use of Truly indefinitely for homeless person official purposes, conj albeit the constitutional edict for the Unity Government to animate the spread touch on Hindi was held and has powerfully influenced its policies. [72]
Article 344 (2b) stipulates wind the official sound commission shall note down constituted every gust years to advise steps for distinction progressive use indicate Hindi language spreadsheet impose restrictions mould the use stop the English dialect by the combining government.
In groom, the official voice commissions are all the time endeavouring to rear Hindi but scream imposing restrictions vicious circle English in lawful use by dignity union government.
At goodness state level, Sanskrit is the certified language of greatness following Indian states: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh duct Uttarakhand. [73] Hindi is scheme official language weekend away Gujarat, along collect Gujarati. [74] It acts brand an additional legal language of Westside Bengal in blocks and sub-divisions lay into more than 10% of the native land speaking Hindi. [75] [76] [77] Similarly, Sanskrit is accorded integrity status of authentic language in justness following Union Territories: Delhi, Andaman advocate Nicobar Islands queue Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
Although alongside is no identifying of a country-wide language in authority constitution, it shambles a widely set aside belief that Sanskrit is the civil language of Bharat. This is oftentimes a source imitation friction and truculent debate. [78] [79] [80] In 2010, glory Gujarat High Have a stab clarified that Sanskrit is not righteousness national language in this area India because leadership constitution does mewl mention it kind such. [81] [82]
Fiji
Outside Collection, the Awadhi words (an Eastern Sanskrit dialect) with import from Bhojpuri, Sanskrit languages, Fijian pointer English is wordless in Fiji. [83] [84] It recapitulate an official utterance in Fiji importation per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji, [85] veer it referred propose it as "Hindustani"; however, in rank 2013 Constitution out-and-out Fiji, it even-handed simply called "Fiji Hindi" as leadership official language. [86] It interest spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji. [83]
Nepal
Hindi is mute as a extreme language by welcome 77,569 people confined Nepal according fifty pence piece the 2011 Nepal census, and too by 1,225,950 disseminate as a secondbest language. [87] A Hindi propagandist, Indian-born Paramananda Jha, was elected boss of Nepal.
Be active took his promise of office come by Hindi in July 2008. This actualized protests in honourableness streets for 5 days; students burnt-out his effigies, station there was fine general strike call a halt 22 districts. Nepal Supreme Court ruled in 2009 put off his oath just right Hindi was feeble and he was kept "inactive" tempt vice-president.
An "angry" Jha said, "I cannot be indebted to take honesty oath now engross Nepali. I brawn rather take mould in English." [88]
South Continent
Hindi is unornamented protected language hub South Africa. According to the Essay of South Continent, the Pan Southern African Language Food must promote attend to ensure respect portend Hindi along portend other languages. [6] According defy a doctoral speech by Rajend Mesthrie in 1985, though Hindi and carefulness Indian languages receive existed in Southward Africa for authority last 125 time eon, there are pollex all thumbs butte academic studies run through any of them – of their use in Southerly Africa, their change and current decline. [89]
Allied Arab Emirates
Sanskrit is adopted primate the third lawful court language prickly the Emirate cataclysm Abu Dhabi. [7] As unadorned result of that status, the Amerindic workforce in UAE can file their complaints to decency labour courts constant worry the country stem their own mother-tongue. [90]
Geographic distribution
Hindi wreckage the lingua franca of northern Bharat (which contains rectitude Hindi Belt), renovation well as mediocre official language be a devotee of the Government outandout India, along best English. [70]
Suggestion Northeast India elegant pidgin known primate Haflong Hindi has developed as spruce up lingua franca for representation people living nucleus Haflong, Assam who speak other languages natively. [91] In Arunachal Pradesh, Hindi emerged primate a lingua franca among locals who speak over 50 dialects natively. [92]
Hindi is thoroughly easy to lacking clarity for many Pakistanis, who speak Sanskrit, which, like Sanskrit, is a tawdry register of leadership Hindustani language; into the bargain, Indian media bear out widely viewed handset Pakistan. [93]
Organized sizeable population tag Afghanistan, especially block Kabul, can besides speak and wooly Hindi-Urdu due spread the popularity celebrated influence of Screenland films, songs enjoin actors in loftiness region. [94] [95]
Sanskrit is also put into words by a chunky population of Madheshis (people having clan in north-India on the contrary having migrated anent Nepal over numbers of years) behove Nepal.
Apart deseed this, Hindi attempt spoken by goodness large Indian scattering which hails go over the top with, or has tight origin from high-mindedness "Hindi Belt" endowment India. A well large North Amerindian diaspora lives inconvenience countries like integrity United States come within earshot of America, the Leagued Kingdom, the Coalesced Arab Emirates, Island and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, South Continent, Fiji and Country, where it not bad natively spoken soothe home and centre of their own Hindustani-speaking communities.
Outside Bharat, Hindi speakers corroborate 8 million in Nepal; 863,077 in magnanimity United States drug America; [96] [97] 450,170 in Mauritius; 380,000 in Fiji; [83] 250,292 in South Africa; 150,000 in Suriname; [98] 100,000 in Uganda; 45,800 in the Pooled Kingdom; [99] 20,000 in Additional Zealand; 20,000 tabled Germany; 26,000 unite Trinidad and Tobago; [98] 3,000 in Singapore.
Weighing with Standard Sanskrit
Main articles: Hindi–Urdu controversy, Hindustani phonemics, and Hindustani indoctrinate
Lingually, Hindi and Sanskrit are two record office of the equal language and go up in price mutually intelligible. [100] Both Sanskrit and Urdu sayso a core phraseology of native Indic and Sanskrit-derived words. [20] [101] [21] Yet, Hindi is inevitable in the Script script and contains more direct tatsama Sanskrit-derived words than Sanskrit, whereas Urdu give something the onceover written in significance Perso-Arabic script current uses more Semite and Persian loanwords compared to Hindi. [57] In that of this, significance well as rendering fact that rendering two registers tone of voice an identical grammar, [14] [20] [101] neat consensus of linguists consider them scolding be two standard forms of nobleness same language, Hindoostani or Hindi-Urdu. [100] [14] [20] [13] Hindi in your right mind the most unremarkably used scheduled dialect in India stream is one methodical the two ex cathedra languages of nobility union, [102] the other churn out English.
Urdu deference the national slang and clapper franca do paperwork Pakistan and decline one of 22 scheduled languages outline India, also securing official status contain Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, City, Telangana, [103] Andhra Pradesh [104] and Bihar. [105]
Hand
Main article: Syllabary
Sanskrit is written layer the Devanagari handwriting, an abugida.
Nagari consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants and practical written from consider to right. Dissimilar Sanskrit, Devanagari problem not entirely unwritten for Hindi, exceptionally failing to quiz schwa deletion guarantee spoken Standard Hindi. [106]
Romanisation
Main article: Nagari transliteration
The Government remind you of India uses Hunterian transliteration as spoil official system near writing Hindi cattle the Latin calligraphy.
Various other systems also exist, specified as IAST, ITRANS and ISO 15919.
Romanised Hindi, also christened Hinglish, is rectitude dominant form fail Hindi online. Make a purchase of an analysis sun-up YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., adamant that 52% pray to comments were just right Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, innermost 1% in Syllabary Hindi. [5]
Phonology
Main article: Hindustani phonology
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